UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                    v.
           Rodney Allen SMITH, Ricky Lamar Wade, a.k.a. Bill, et al. Defendants-Appellants.

                                              No. 99-11377.

                                     United States Court of Appeals,
                                             Eleventh Circuit.

                                              Jan. 30, 2001.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (No. 97-00035-CR-01-R),
Robert L. Vining, Jr., Judge.

Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and BLACKBURN*, District Judge.

        PER CURIAM.

        Defendants Rodney Smith, Ricky Wade, and Barbara Sue Culberson appeal their convictions and
sentences for many crimes that were associated with conspiring to manufacture and to possess with intent to

distribute methamphetamine.1 We affirm.
                                                    I.

        Floyd County police and DEA agents, after observing Defendants pick up boxes at a chemical supply
company from which Defendants had ordered glassware and chemicals, searched Culberson's home (where
Wade2 and Smith were also staying). The police found a recipe and a drawing of how to make
methamphetamine, found equipment to make methamphetamine, and found different chemicals necessary

to make methamphetamine. Defendants claimed that they were planning to use the equipment and chemicals
to make perfume and fragrant lotions. The jury delivered guilty verdicts for all Defendants.

        At the sentencing hearing, the government and the defense presented experts to testify on drug




   *
      Honorable Sharon Lovelace Blackburn, U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of Alabama,
sitting by designation.
   1
     Defendants were convicted of 3 counts of conspiring to manufacture methamphetamine, of
attempting to manufacture methamphetamine, and of attempting to possess with intent to distribute
methamphetamine, 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 & 846; one count of possession of a listed
chemical, 21 U.S.C. § 841(d)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2; and one count of possession of a prohibited flask. 21
U.S.C. §§ 841 & 843(a)(6) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Smith was also convicted on 12 counts of use of a
communication facility in committing drug offense in a conspiracy. 21 U.S.C. §§ 843(b) & 841.
   2
    Defendant Wade is married to Defendant Culberson.
quantity.3 The government's expert testified that 2,011 grams of methamphetamine could be made using the

most abundant precursor chemical; 91 grams using the least abundant precursor. The district judge found "by
a preponderance of the evidence that the Defendants could have produced 2,011 grams of methamphetamine."

         A person found with at least 5 grams of methamphetamine is subject to 40 years in prison. 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(B)(viii). If 50 grams of methamphetamine is involved, the maximum sentence is life in prison.

21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(viii). So, based on the finding of 2,011 grams of methamphetamine, the judge
sentenced Defendants to 30 years in prison.

                                                         II.

         Defendants ask us to reconsider their sentences in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Apprendi

v. New Jersey, 

, 

, 2362-63, 

(2000) (5-4 decision), which—in

the context of a state firearms case—says that "any fact [other than prior conviction] that increases sentencing

beyond the statutory maximum must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt." 

The Court's decision was anticipated in Jones v. United States, although it did not need to reach the

issue resolved in Apprendi. 

, 

, 1224 n. 6, 

(1999).

         Defendants never objected at their sentencing hearing when the judge determined drug quantity by
a preponderance of the evidence; so our review is limited to the stringent plain error standard, an exception

to the broad contemporaneous objection rule. United States v. Swatzie, 

, 1281-82 (11th

Cir.2000). Plain error review requires (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. 

if all of these elements exist, the court may exercise its discretion to correct the error only if such error

"seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings." Johnson v. United

States, 

, 

, 1548-49, 

(1997).

         This circuit applies Apprendi to sentencing under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A) & (B), which determine

the sentencing ranges based on drug quantity. United States v. Rogers, 

, 1327-28 (11th

Cir.2000). With no finding of drug quantity, the statutory maximum is 20 years for each count. 21 U.S.C. §

841(b)(1)(C).4 Apprendi requires the judge to submit to the jury an element of sentencing that would increase

the sentence beyond the statutory maximum. 

n. 13. Because Defendants were


    3
     One of the experts was Defendant Smith, who has a Masters degree in chemistry.
    4
    This maximum may be increased to thirty years if a Defendant has a prior felony drug conviction.
Apprendi does not apply to prior convictions.
sentenced under § 841(b)(1)(A) and because their 30-year sentence on each count exceeds the 20-year

statutory maximum for each count, an error has occurred.
         But failure to submit the issue of drug quantity to the jury did not affect Defendants' substantial

rights. Apprendi did not create a structural error that would require per se reversal.5 

-

83. And Defendants have not been prejudiced because, even without a specific drug-quantity finding,
Defendants were subject to 30 years or more in prison under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C) for their crimes.6 The
jury concluded that Defendants had at least some quantity of methamphetamine: Defendants were convicted

on three counts. The statutory maximum on each count is 20 years, making Defendants subject to a possible

maximum sentence of 60 years altogether. When the ultimate sentence does not exceed the aggregate

statutory maximum for the multiple convictions, no effect on substantial rights has occurred that must be
remedied. Also, the fairness, integrity, and public reputation of the judicial proceedings are not subject to
serious question.7
                                                       III.
         The only other issue that merits discussion is the district court's use of the most abundant precursor




    5
     Structural error occurs only in the rare instance involving a "structural defect affecting the
framework within the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself." Arizona v.
Fulminante, 

, 

, 1265, 

(1991). Examples of structural error
involve extreme deprivations of constitutional rights, such as denial of counsel, denial of self
representation at trial, and denial of a public trial. See Neder v. United States, 

, 

,
1833, 

(1999) (listing examples of structural error). Failure to submit the issue of drug
quantity to the jury is just an element of the trial process and does not rise to the level of structural error
requiring per se reversal. See 

failure to include element of offense in jury instruction
is not structural error because it "does not necessarily render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or
unreliable vehicle for determining guilt or innocence") (emphasis in original); see also United States v.
Fern, 

, 1327 (11th Cir.1998).
    6
     Methamphetamine is a schedule II drug. 21 U.S.C. § 812.
    7
     Defendants were properly sentenced according to well established circuit law at the time; and they
made no objection. They had fair notice of the charges against them and of the sentencing consequences
based on drug quantity. Defendants were represented by counsel. See Pulliam v. Tallapoosa County Jail,

, 1188 (11th Cir.1999). They had an opportunity to present evidence about drug quantity to
a neutral factfinder. See Rose v. Clark, 

, 

, 3106, 

(1986).
Defendants do not dispute their guilt, but only one factor—of many factors—applied to calculate their
sentences. And four of the justices considering Apprendi found no constitutional violation at all. While
the dissents do not lessen the binding effect of Apprendi as the law, this lack of unanimity supports our
conclusion that the district court's acts were not so extremely bad to threaten the fairness, integrity, and
public reputation of the judicial system.
to determine drug quantity.8 We review the sentencing court's findings of drug quantity for clear error. United

States v. Newsome, 

, 1577 (11th Cir.1993).

         In determining drug amount when no drugs have been seized, the sentencing guidelines direct the

district court to "approximate the quantity of the controlled substance.... consider[ing] ... the size or capability

of any laboratory involved." U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 (n. 12). Such approximations should be reasonably fair,

accurate, and conservative, and not merely speculative. United States v. Zapata, 

, 1359 (11th

Cir.1998) (reversing drug quantity determination because judge "rounded up").

        The government's expert testified that she found many chemicals in different amounts needed to make

methamphetamine, including three 1,000 ml bottles of methylamine. Methylamine, when combined with

phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P), is a precursor to making methamphetamine. Based on the 3000 ml of
methylamine (the most abundant precursor), the expert testified that 4,023 grams of methamphetamine could

result, but that in reality it would yield about a 50% conversion (or 2,011 grams) once reaction and
crystallization actually occurred. Defendants do not dispute the expert's calculation if the most abundant

precursor is used as the measure. Defendants only argue that the district court should have applied the least
abundant precursor instead.
        The trial court did not err in accepting the most abundant precursor to determine drug quantity. While

the district court should be accurate and cautiously moderate in estimating drug quantity, the court is not
required to disregard calculations based on the most abundant precursor in favor of a lesser abundant

precursor.9 See United States v. Funk, 

, 393 (8th Cir.1993) (rejecting uniform rule that requires

least abundant precursor and accepting drug quantity based on most abundant precursor); United States v.

Bertrand, 

, 846-47 (9th Cir.1991)(estimating drug quantity in dismantled lab based on most

abundant ingredient rather than amount of actual drug or absence of other ingredients).

         Courts may properly estimate drug quantity based on available precursors when other necessary


    8
     On this appeal, Defendants also argue that 1) the search warrant for Culberson's home was not issued
under probable cause; 2) the search warrant was executed unlawfully; 3) the court erred in admitting
Smith and Wade's prior convictions under Fed. R. Evi. 404(b) and Culberson's prior conviction as
impeachment under Fed. R. Evi. 806; 4) insufficient evidence was presented to support Defendants'
convictions; 5) drug quantity should have been determined separately for each defendant; and 6) Smith's
sentence should not have been enhanced for obstruction of justice. We have considered and now reject
these arguments as meritless.
    9
     An opposite rule would allow Defendants to limit their sentences by keeping on hand only a small
supply of a particular chemical used to manufacture the drug, despite the presence of large amounts of
other necessary chemicals.
ingredients are absent. United States v. Hyde, 

, 1440 (11th Cir.1992) (calculating

methamphetamine based on precursor that defendant possessed when other precursors were missing).

Likewise, the sentencing court may also estimate drug quantity based on the most abundant chemical even
if lesser abundant precursors are also present. Thus, the district court did not clearly err in estimating drug

quantity at 2,011 grams of methamphetamine.
        AFFIRMED.